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Immanuel Kant, in his Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone, observes that "we create a God for ourselves" (Kant, 157). When read out of context, such a sentence may be interpreted as the basis for the charges of irreligious propaganda that were levelled at Kant upon the publication of this work (Greene, Introd., xxxii- xxxiv). However, a closer reading of the passage, situated within the broader argument of the text, suggests that Kant is here not so much being irreligious as realistic. This essay will argue that, in this passage as in Religion as a whole, Kant is attempting to find a justification for religious thought and moral behaviour, not in revelation, but in reason. Reinforced by reason, a universal human morality may therefore be agreed upon which is not bound by the limits of culture or individual religious theology.
read moreThis paper will discuss the book Dead Men’s Path BY Chinua Achebe and discuss the many differing aspects that came into making this work. A brief biography and description of the many facets of this short story will be described to get a better understanding of what the author intended and how he went about doing that.
read moreThis paper will discuss the nature of Africa through the scope of the novel “Things Fall Apart” by Chinua Achebe. By understanding the ramifications of colonial society and how this affects the people of this continent, we can understand the nature of imperial influence upon the African people of this story. The ideas behind the factors of colonialization will give a better understanding of the situation, as explained by Achebe.
read moreThis undergraduate level paper is an examination of the history of the African American’s American Dream. It looks at the history of independence-minded thinking in W.E.B. Du Bois and follows through the civil rights movement and the contrasting style and messages of Martin Luther King, Jr. and of Malcolm X. It concludes that the American Dream for the African American has not fundamentally improved over the past one hundred years and seems almost more limited now than it was before the civil rights movement.
read moreRosa Parks had spent all day working and running errands on Dec. 1, 1955. She was tired, and her “feet hurt” (Phillips 36). She had to take the bus home. When she boarded, all the seats in the back, where African American people were allowed to sit, were taken. There were seats in the front, but African Americans weren’t allowed to sit in them. She settled for a seat in the middle. African Americans could sit in those seats as long as there weren’t any whites who were standing. Soon more and more white people boarded the bus until all the seats in the front were taken. The driver asked some people in Park’s row to move to the back (they would have to stand) and everyone got up to move except for Rosa Parks. Parks told the driver “no.” She wasn’t going to stand and he said that he was going to have her arrested. (Culture and Change)
read moreIn "1984" George Orwell described a concept he called Big Brother. He also discussed concepts such as Newspeak and Doublethink. These concepts are in regular everyday use in certain countries, and Big Brother is very much in evidence in North America. What Orwell was describing was the future as a totalitarian society. What he discusses is not at all an impossibility even for the democratic countries of the West. All that is required for a totalitarian regime to arise is an ideology. What Orwell is writing about is mainly Communist countries. However, there are some striking similarities between the Oceania of the novel and countries such as Canada and the United States.
read moreFirst published in 1949, George Orwell’s 1984 continues to function as a blueprint for ideological evil. The monstrousness of Stalinism and Nazism, which in Orwell’s day were very active political disasters, fuelled the author’s insights. Since World War II, the terrors of spastic ideology and hyper-violent complacency occur in many effective dystopian novels (such as Burgess’ seminal A Clockwork Orange)but what sets 1984 above Burgess’ book is its comprehensive understanding of the moral failure implicit in any totalitarian state; from the intimate nature of Winston Smith’s brainwashing in Room 101, to his interrogator’s demands for a belief that suits Big Brother, the reader gets a full understanding of how tyrants shape the thinking of a populace through Doublethink.
read moreGeorge Orwell is today best remembered as a writer of novels that warned against the evils of totalitarianism in strong – almost strident – terms. His shorter works are far less widely read now and, in an age that tends to dismiss the value of the essay and even more of the short story as an important political form, tend to be dismissed as worthy of careful scrutiny. But Orwell’s essays provide an excellent vantage point to understand his political philosophy both in general and as it is elucidated in his novels. They also provide us as readers with a wry but finely thought-out series of sketches on the nature of resistance, as Carter (1985) argues.
read moreIn Animal Farm, George Orwell satirized the betrayal of Russia's revolution by its leaders. We see how the whole concept of equality was flawed, especially as it translated into actual reality and practise. What made it even more fascinating was that it was an animal story that was told to adults. In other words, in the simplest language, Orwell showed how and why communism simply could not work. Graham Greene, meanwhile, was also very serious in Power and the Glory -- as well as theological. Here we see the story of a whisky priest who is hunted by Communist authorities during the religious persecution in Mexico. In other words, both Orwell and Greene focus on the reality of totalitarianism, and especially how such totalitarianism is carried through in the interest of supposed utopian ideas. In both stories, there are two villains, Napoleon and the lieutenant, both of whom represent the corruption of power.
read moreThe Making of American Audiences: From Stage to Television 1750-1990 by Richard Butsch is a comprehensive survey of American entertainment audiences from the colonial period to the present. It provides coverage of the theatre, opera, vaudeville minstrelsy, movies, radio and television. (Butsch 2000)
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